This is an explanation of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), a complex hormonal condition commonly seen in women of reproductive age. PCOS affects not only menstruation and fertility, but also metabolic health, emotional wellbeing, and long-term risk of chronic diseases.
Globally, it’s estimated that 8–13% of reproductive-age women have PCOS, yet up to 70% remain undiagnosed. In Australia, PCOS is the most common cause of infertility due to ovulation disorders. It is also associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and increased psychological stress.
In Japan, approximately 5–10% of reproductive-age women are thought to be affected. For Japanese women living abroad, symptoms such as weight gain, excess hair growth, and acne may cause additional psychological burden due to cultural and social factors.
Causes of PCOS
The exact cause of PCOS is not fully understood, but several contributing factors are recognised:
- Hormonal imbalance: Elevated androgens (male hormones) can interfere with ovulation.
- Insulin resistance: Reduced insulin sensitivity increases the risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
- Genetic and environmental factors: PCOS often runs in families.
Diagnosis – Rotterdam Criteria
PCOS is diagnosed when at least two of the following three criteria are met (after excluding other conditions):
- Ovulatory dysfunction – Irregular or absent menstrual periods
- Hyperandrogenism – Symptoms such as acne, excess hair growth, thinning scalp hair, or abnormal blood test results
- Polycystic ovaries – Multiple small follicles seen on ultrasound (often described as a “string of pearls”)
Many women meet two of these criteria without realising it—for example, irregular periods and acne alone may qualify. This means PCOS may be more common than expected, and proper medical evaluation is important.
Common Symptoms
- Irregular or absent periods
- Acne and oily skin
- Excess hair growth (face, chest, back, lower abdomen)
- Thinning hair or hair loss
- Weight gain or difficulty losing weight
- Infertility or difficulty conceiving
- Fatigue, low mood, or anxiety
Treatment Options
There is no definitive cure for PCOS, but symptoms can be effectively managed based on individual goals:
1. Lifestyle Modification (First-line approach)
- A balanced diet and regular exercise can improve insulin resistance.
- Losing just 5–10% of body weight may improve ovulation and fertility.
2. Hormonal Regulation
- Combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP): Regulates cycles, reduces androgens, improves acne and excess hair.
- Progestin therapy (oral or Implanon): Protects the uterine lining in women with infrequent periods.
3. Medications for Insulin Resistance
- Metformin: May improve insulin sensitivity, assist with weight management, and regulate cycles.
4. Fertility Support
- Ovulation induction agents (e.g., letrozole, clomiphene)
- If ineffective, injectable gonadotropins may be used.
- In some cases, IVF (in vitro fertilisation) may be necessary.
- We can refer patients early to trusted fertility specialists in Brisbane.
Importance of Early Intervention
PCOS affects more than just menstruation and fertility—it has long-term health implications. Early diagnosis and treatment can:
- Improve chances of conception
- Reduce risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease
- Prevent endometrial cancer
- Support mental health and self-confidence
Our Approach at Skyarch Medical Clinic Brisbane
- Consultations available in both Japanese and English
- Individualised treatment plans based on the latest Australian guidelines
- Holistic support including lifestyle, fertility, and mental health care
- Referrals to gynaecologists and endocrinologists in Brisbane when needed
If you’re experiencing irregular periods, acne, excess hair growth, or fertility concerns, please feel free to consult us.
References
- Department of Health – PCOS https://www.health.gov.au/diseases/pcos
- RACGP – PCOS Guidelines https://www.racgp.org.au/clinical-resources/clinical-guidelines/key-racgp-guidelines/view-all-racgp-guidelines/pcos
- Jean Hailes Foundation – PCOS https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/conditions/pcos
- Endocrine Society of Australia – PCOS Position Statement https://endocrinesociety.org.au/downloads/ESA-Position-Statement-PCOS.pdf
- PCOS Challenge (US-based advocacy and education) https://pcoschallenge.org
